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Shaped by encrusted layers of development spanning millennia, the southern Italian city of Matera is the ultimate palimpsest. Known as the Sassi, the majority of the ancient city is composed of thousands of structures carved into a limestone cliff and clinging to its walls. The resultant menagerie of forms possesses a surprising visual uniformity and an ineffable allure. Conversely, in the 1950s Matera also served as a crucible for Italian postwar urban and architectural theory, witnessed by the Neorealist, modernist expansion of the city that developed in aversion to the Sassi. In another about-face, the previously disparaged cave city has now been recast as a major tourist destination, UNESCO World Heritage Monument, and test subject for ideas and methods of preservation.
Set within a sociopolitical and architectural history of Matera from 1950 to the present, this book analyses the contemporary effects of preservation on the city and surrounding province. More broadly, it examines the relationship between and interdependence of preservation and modernism within architectural thought. To understand inconsistencies inherent to preservation, in particular its effect of catalyzing change, the study lays bare planners' and developers' use of preservation, especially for economic goals and political will. The work asserts that preservation is not a passive, curatorial pursuit: it is a cloaked manifestation of modernism and a powerful tool often used to control economies. The study demonstrates that preservation also serves to influence societies through the shaping of memory and circulation of narratives.
- Sales Rank: #2902006 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-06-28
- Released on: 2013-06-28
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
'Anne Toxey guides the reader through a revelatory tour of this important site as it has been transformed both physically and ideologically, especially in recent years, by a potent mix of global capital, the E.U., tourism, and the values of world heritage itself. It is nothing less than a cultural history of preservation, arguably the first such endeavor of book length. Mining archival sources, the built environment, as well as scholarly, theoretical, and literary works, Toxey brings the complexities of this seemingly infinitely layered site into vivid focus with wonderfully literate prose.' Andrew M. Shanken, U.C. Berkeley, USA 'The Matera that is familiar to us through the writing of Carlo Levi and the films of Pier Paolo Pasolini and Mel Gibson is rendered more nuanced, complex, and interesting in Toxey's breathtaking study. Once abandoned, but now preserved and recognized by UNESCO, the unique sassi and the story of their regeneration will be of interest to urban planners, architects, preservationists, geographers, historians, and anthropologists alike. This study provides a terrific microhistory of Italian urbanism. The range of illustrations is reason enough to find a permanent place for this book on your shelf.' D. Medina Lasansky, Cornell University, USA 'Following World War II, the southern Italian town of Matera, partially nestled in a limestone ravine riddled with cave-like dwellings, achieved iconic status. Exquisitely photographed and poignantly described, it emblemized the misery and squalor, backwardness and decay, of one of Western Europe's poorest regions. Reformers, stung by Italy's shame and influenced by modernist principles of urban development, launched programs to demolish the sassi or caves, relocating their (peasant) inhabitants to apartment blocks in the periphery. Anne Parmly Toxey, architecture historian and skilled ethnographer, traces the social, economic, and political processes that, by the 1990s, led to a dramatically different outcome: the restoration of the sassi as a gentrified tourist destination and sometimes movie set. Alas, preserving the past generates disruptive change whose repercussions transcend both the neighborhoods being restored and the time frame of the restoration. Nor has recuperating the sassi done more for the former residents than postwar "slum removal." This beautifully written account returns Matera to center stage, but now as an iconic example of historic preservation's quintessentially modern contradictions.' Jane Schneider, City University of New York, USA 'Dr. Anne Toxey is an architect and scholar who exposes for us the history and cultural politics of Matera, the famous site of the Sassi [Stones], the labyrinthine caves of this southern Italian city that have been inhabited since paleolithic times. Anne Toxey first worked there as a conservationist, restoring the Byzantine chiesi rupestri (caves churches) and over the years has watched the cultural politics of late modernity as the planners and politicians negotiated over the restoration and modernization of the city and the Sassi, and their eventual nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Monument. Now the city is an enhanced tourist attraction in which the ex-slum caves have served as representations of the Holy Land in four films, and are being gentrified as chichi boutiques, luxury hotels, charming apartments and even high tech businesses. Dr. Toxey probes this complex history and the twists of modernity in the evolution of one of the world's most fascinating human creations.' Nelson Graburn, University of California, Berkeley, USA 'Dr. Anne Toxey's book is of timely significance. Taking as an example the Sassi, or cave dwellings, of Matera in Southern Italy, which 1993 have been declared a World Heritage site, she vividly illustrates the problems, difficulties, and conflicts the preservation of cultural heritage encounters in this age of globalization. Many actors and agencies are playing out their interests and agendas. Among them are first, the former inhabitants, expelled and resettled by the Italian government, the new and well-to-do occupants, various preservation groups, the government agencies, local and national, UNESCO, and the influential tourism industry. Within this context Dr. Toxey raises and discusses the important questions about the purpose, value, meaning, procedures and future of preservation as it affects cultural heritage sites all over the world.' Jean-Pierre Protzen, University of California, Berkeley, USA 'Materan Contradictions is an ambitious and successful study. It draws on an impressive range of sources including a large body of scholarship and archival material, travel literature, newspaper articles, oral testimony, and detailed analysis of the built environment. It is also richly illustrated with images, maps, and plans, and features extensive, informative notes and a bibliography. The book will appeal to historians of modern Italy and the Italian South; those pursuing research in European modernism and modernization; scholars interested in urban history; and those specifically interested in architectural and historical preservation.' Canadian Journal of History 'The value of Toxey's text is the in-depth analysis she presents in this focused case study'. Journal of Architectural Conservation
About the Author
Dr Anne Toxey is Director of Toxey/McMillan Design Associates, and Adjunct Professor, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
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Matera: l'esperimento del vivere
By Letizia Modena
Matera, ovvero l’esperimento del vivere. Così si potrebbe riassumere l’eccellente ed appassionato lavoro dell’architetto Anne Parmly Toxey. Lo studio ci consegna il frutto di un’osservazione ventennale di una delle morfologie abitative più straordinarie e affascinanti del mondo: la città di pietra, i noti Sassi nel centro storico di Matera. Il favoloso paesaggio di palinsesti dei Sassi, testimonianza di oltre nove millenni di –potremmo dire- ostinazione all’idea di città, è oggi stimato e valorizzato tanto da essere stato incluso dal 1993 tra i patrimoni dell’umanità prescelti dall’UNESCO. L’articolato percorso di A.P. Toxey ci accompagna passo per passo alla comprensione della formazione nel tempo, così come dell’evoluzione sociale, della complessa struttura urbana, con le sue architetture ipogee, le case-grotte, le fortificazioni, i camminamenti, le gallerie, le canalizzazioni e le cisterne intagliate nel tufo delle gravine. E ci si rende conto leggendo quanto la vertiginosa e fiabesca densità e varietà di questo insediamento umano, testimonianza di oltre nove millenni di antropizzazione e civilizzazione, sembri la resa fisica, supremamente calcarea, delle serie che Italo Calvino ci ha lasciato con le Città invisibili, tra scomposizioni e riformulazioni di doppi, di visibile ed invisibile, di celato e sotterraneo, e di sublimemente assolato, fantasmagorico ed antigravitazionale.
Il notevole studio di A.P. Toxey raccoglie e presenta in modo limpido, ben organizzato e di piacevole lettura, l’altrettanto stratificata e ricca storia sociale dei Sassi, ossia le percezioni e le connotazioni emotive, politiche e sociologiche associate a questa modalità abitativa, e il loro sviluppo nel tempo, in particolare dall’inizio del ‘900 ai giorni nostri. Il valore di questo libro sta nel ricostruire il composito affresco di un secolo che ha visto nei Sassi di Matera un’opportunità, più o meno strumentalizzata dall’ideologia del momento, per sperimentare o teorizzare una modalità del vivere, e che ancora oggi si interroga sul ruolo e le modalità della tutela di questo bene storico ed artistico. All’intersezione tra urbanistica e architettura, conservazione dei beni artistici, storia, politica ed economia del ‘900, il sostanzioso volume, arricchito da un apparato di immagini pertinenti e affascinanti, ci conduce attraverso camminamenti di varia natura, che rifabbricano più di un secolo di adattamenti urbanistici ad una percezione sociale dei Sassi che cambiava nel tempo. Materiali urbanistici e architettonici d’archivio si intrecciano ad un’attenta ricostruzione del contesto storico e politico da cui scaturirono: da qui, la lettura di uno studio che va ben oltre il lettore specializzato, perché esplora attraverso la materialità di un progetto urbanistico l’evolversi del pensiero politico che percorre gli anni del fascismo, del dopoguerra, del “miracolo” economico e della Questione Meridionale, fino a risalire agli anni ‘80, alla fine del secolo e ai giorni nostri. A conquistare l’interesse di un pubblico più vasto, oltre alla lettura della gestione dei Sassi come emblema ed esperimento della filosofica politica di un secolo di contraddizioni, la ripresa di una cultura letteraria e giornalistica di estremo interesse, che dedica naturalmente ampio spazio alle conseguenze a livello di immaginario collettivo, e poi di politica istituzionale, dell’imprescindibile lavoro di Carlo Levi, Cristo si è fermato a Eboli.
Già dal primo capitolo, incentrato sulla rilevanza della collocazione geografica di Matera, emerge la capacità di A.P. Toxey di comporre un mosaico a tessere in cui caratteristiche geologiche e morfologiche del territorio avviano descrizioni sulle bizzarre forme architettoniche e le distintive tipologie urbane dei Sassi, conciliate magistralmente in uno spazio che, come l’autrice ci richiama, sembra un disegno di Escher concretato in pietra dall’inventiva e la perizia di capaci edificatori. Il discorso prosegue spostandosi sulla geografia sociale dei Sassi, lascito delle varie dominazioni che si alternarono su questo territorio. A.P. Toxey osserva l’ impatto che ebbero Rinascimento e Barocco sulla fabbrica urbana, e soprattutto l’importanza che la zona assurse durante dopo il Risorgimento nel discorso di unità nazionale, in seguito ai ritrovamenti archeologici di Domenico Ridola. Particolarmente serrata tra le analisi di Toxey quella che ricostruisce il contesto intellettuale e politico postbellico e i dibattiti che ruotarono attorno alla questione dei Sassi, in cui l’autrice ricostruisce intelligentemente il panorama composito di una vera e propria costruzione mediatica. Lo studio mette in luce come Matera, pur condividendo in passato problemi non assenti in altre città italiane, come lo squallore, il sovraffollamento, la miseria, la mortalità infantile, divenne per la sua particolare conformazione in grotte l’emblema di una preistoria da superare con l’approdo alla modernità, la quintessenza ultima della Questione Meridionale a cui ogni governo si pregiava di aver trovato una soluzione (47 ss). Toxey individua due momenti fondamentali nel progetto fascista (Per la Più Grande Matera) di risanamento e bonifica dei Sassi e nella diffusione della fama di “vergogna nazionale”(52) che si propagò in Italia e all’estero in seguito alla pubblicazione di Cristo si è fermato a Eboli (con la conseguente grande affluenza di studiosi anglofoni che si riversarono sulla città): due momenti che culminarono con l’evacuazione e l’abbandono dei Sassi tra gli anni ‘50 e ‘70. Rigorosamente documentato, lo studio mappa come ci si servì di Matera, città nella pietra, come pietra di paragone per una misurazione della modernità (capitoli 2 e 3).
E proprio nel percorso della modernità e del risanamento si inserì l’intenso dibattito architettonico che negli anni ‘50 fece ruotare attorno a Matera, e alla costruzione della città ‘nuova’ nata per ricollocare gli evacuati dai Sassi, figure come Ludovico Quaroni, Giancarlo di Carlo, e Luigi Piccinato. A questo dibattito A.P. Toxey dedica pagine di grande interesse, inserendo la discussione di quella che era ritenuto il modello di una “utopia italiana”(7) nel contesto del modernismo europeo (capitolo 4). Nei capitoli successivi la scrittrice giunge alla presente politica dei Sassi, affrontando la questione ancora aperta sulle modalità della conservazione. L’architetto osserva le conseguenze fisiche, sociali ed economiche della salvaguardia dei Sassi a livello cittadino e regionale, in parallelo a simili disegni europei e statunitensi, pervenendo così a inserire il discorso sui Sassi nella cornice più ampia della modernità occidentale. Questo volume colma una lacuna importante nella spesso miopica letteratura della preservazione dei beni culturali. Sostenendo che la salvaguardia e rivitalizzazione dei Sassi, che rappresentano meno del 5% del territorio complessivo della città, abbia contribuito fin dagli anni ’90 alla prosperità dell’intera zona, A.P. Toxey propone di eleggere i Sassi di Matera a sito esemplificativo dei benefici del recupero di un luogo artistico e storico come presenza dinamica, abitata ed organicamente viva, ossia flessibile ai cambiamenti necessari per un suo ruolo cittadino e regionale. I Sassi, secondo l’architetto, rappresentano quanto sia fruttuoso il profitto economico, sociale e culturale quando la conservazione non sia strumento di immobilità museale di un’eredità paesaggistica, ma progettualità inserita tra i rami attivi della pianificazione urbanistica, e diventi potenziale veicolo di cambiamenti urbani, economici e sociali: in altre parole, che continui l’esperimento del vivere intrinsecamente materano.
Letizia Modena
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